peptide wiki

Glutathione

aka GSH

Immune Modulator

Mechanism

Glutathione is an endogenous tripeptide (gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) that serves as the principal intracellular antioxidant in mammalian cells. It is not FDA-approved as a drug in the US; parenteral glutathione is used off-label (and in some compounding settings) for oxidative stress, hepatic support, and — controversially — skin lightening. The FDA has warned against injectable glutathione for skin lightening (2019) due to reports of serious adverse events.

Identification

CAS number70-18-8
Molecular formulaC10H17N3O6S
SequenceECG
Typical doseIV: 600–1200 mg per session (1–3x/week); oral: 250–500 mg/day
Half-life~10–14 minutes (plasma, IV); cellular retention 24–72 hours post-dose

Vendors selling Glutathione

VendorSizePriceListed purityTrust
Glacier Aminos 1500 mg $75.99 99
Moglabs 1500 mg $56.00 96
Crush Research 1500 mg 95
Orbitrex Peptides $59.99 95
Ion Peptide $79.95 95
Ion Peptide $15.00 95
Ion Peptide $35.00 95
Ion Peptide $29.00 95
Prime Peptides 1500 mg $65.00 95
Peptide Tech 1500 mg $49.99 94
Mile High Compounds $79.99 94
Amino Club $59.99 93
Ignite Peptides 750 mg $35.00 92
Riptide Wellness $73.99 92
Hydro Research Peptides 1500 mg $0.95 91
Peptide Plugs 1500 mg $50.00 89
Sunrise Bioresearch 7500 mg $203.09 88
Sunrise Bioresearch 1500 mg $41.44 88
Verified Peptides 1500 mg $79.99 86
Simple Peptide 1500 mg $75.00 85
Peptidegurus 600 mg 84
Reta Peptide 1500 mg $75.00 83
Blank Peptides 600 mg $45.00 81
Crystal Peptides $74.99 66
Qing Li Peptide 63
Certified Peptides 1500 mg $90.00 61
Nox Amino 600 mg $35.00 55
MEI-PEPETIDE 1500 mg $72.00 48
DongCheng Peptide 46
Puratek Peptides 1500 mg $51.95 44
Mandy 600 mg $25.00 43
zztai Peptide Ltd 1500 mg $80.00 43
MJT peptides 600 mg $37.00 39
HK Peptide Ltd (hk peptides) 1500 mg $90.00 37
NG Peptide 1500 mg $45.00
Kimera Chems $41.99
Welli Labs $48.99
synthesispeptides.io $73.99
AMC Essentials 1500 mg $126.99
AMC Essentials 1500 mg $74.99
Alpha Omega 1500 mg $75.00
Amino Sequence 1200 mg $60.00
Atomik Labz 1500 mg $103.00
Atomik Labz 1500 mg $105.00
Felix Chemical Supply 1200 mg $99.99
Flawless Compounds
Lumi Peptides $75.00
Modern Research Peptides 1000 mg $34.99
Modern Research Peptides 500 mg $34.99
Modern Research Peptides 1500 mg $49.99
Nova Peptides 600 mg $49.99
Oasis Labs 1500 mg $75.00
Oneday Compounds 500 mg $32.49
Oneday Compounds 1500 mg $51.99
Peptira $89.00
Pepvida Labs 1200 mg $95.00
Polaris Peptides 600 mg $60.00
S1 Research 1500 mg $46.00
Solution Peptides 1500 mg $113.00
Solution Peptides 1500 mg $105.00
Soma Peptides 600 mg $49.00
Southern Aminos 1200 mg $52.50
Southern Aminos 1200 mg $56.00
True Peptide 1500 mg $70.00
Wellness Peptides 1500 mg $60.00
optimasupply.is 1500 mg $95.00
realpeptides.co 600 mg $85.00

Research

Glutathione Supplementation in Parenteral Nutrition to Prevent Oxidative Stress Related Complications in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review of Preclinical Efficacy and Safety Profile
Lavoie JC, Mohamed I. · Nutrients (2026) · review

Numerous adverse effects caused by oxidative stress are commonly observed in preterm infants. This stress is caused by the oxidative burden resulting mainly from supplemental oxygen and parenteral nutrition (PN), and by their precarious antioxidant defense.

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Reprogramming Glutathione-Binding Proteins into Artificial Photoenzymes by Engineered Glutathione-Type Cofactors
Wang C, Yu J, Chen H, Hu W, Wang H, Liang Y, Pan HJ. · Journal of the American Chemical Society (2026) ·

Energy transfer (EnT) photocatalysis provides access to excited-state reactivity beyond thermal processes, yet highly enantioselective cycloadditions of sulfonamide-containing substrates remain challenging.

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Glutathione-related redox imbalance and cognitive impairment in drug-naïve, first-episode schizophrenia: a focus on GSSG
Jiang F, Tian Q, Xu L, Yang Q, Wang P, Ji L, Cao J, Zhang X, Yang Y, Zhang X. · Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) (2026) ·

Cognitive impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia, yet the biological basis has not been established. Redox dysregulation has been implicated in cognitive impairment of patients with schizophrenia but evidence in early-stage, drug-naïve patients is limited and inconsistent.

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Novelty stressor induces differential brain oxidative stress and antioxidant profiles between proactive and reactive stress coping styles
Sunday-Jimmy P, Fialkowski RJ, Bush BJ, Dijkstra PD, Wong RY. · Scientific reports (2026) · animal

Neuroendocrine stressors can disrupt the brain's redox equilibrium by generating high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lead to oxidative stress. To what extent the relationship between neuroendocrine and oxidative stress is modulated by stress coping styles remain unclear.

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Formulation-dependent differences in systemic glutathione availability: Comparative pharmacokinetics of orally dissolving film and tablet formulations in healthy adults
Jung ES, Jang HY, Jung SJ, Kim BH, Kim YJ, Moon JH, Chae SW, Lee SO. · European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V (2026) · rct

Background Glutathione is a tripeptide involved in antioxidant defense; however, its systemic availability following oral administration remains controversial, and pharmacokinetic differences between formulations in humans are not well characterized.

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[In old age, female prematurely aging mice - who show lower antioxidant defenses than their controls in adulthood - reach similar defense levels but maintain higher oxidation]
Garrido A, Manassra R, de la Fuente M. · Revista espanola de geriatria y gerontologia (2026) · animal

Introduction Adult prematurely aging mice (PAM), identified by their altered stress response, exhibit higher oxidative stress in leukocytes and shorter lifespan than non-prematurely aging mice (NPAM). It is unknown whether these differences persist with advancing age.

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Genistein Protects Against Lead-Induced Cognitive Impairment Through a Glutathione-Dependent Redox-Mitochondrial Apoptosis Axis
Lv Z, Ma Z, Pang Y, Wang H, Zhang J. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (2026) · animal

Lead exposure remains a pervasive environmental and public health threat, imposing a substantial burden of neurodevelopmental and cognitive dysfunction, yet safe mechanism-oriented interventions remain limited.

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'Loche' Squash (Cucurbita moschata): Phytochemical Profile and Bioaccessibility of Carotenoids, Tocopherols, and (poly)Phenols
Jiménez-Aspee F, Soto-Vasquez MR, Frank J, Schmeda-Hirschmann G. · Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands) (2026) ·

'Loche' squash (Cucurbita moschata) is an ancient cucurbit landrace from northern Peru, with deep cultural roots in the Moche cuisine tradition.

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Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals how PdMYB44 enhances drought tolerance in Pugionium dolabratum by activating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle
Men Y, Yu H, Huang X, Zhang X, Yang Z, Zhang F. · Annals of botany (2026) ·

Background and aims Oxidative damage caused by drought stress is a key factor limiting crop survival and distribution. The desert plant Pugionium dolabratum exhibits extreme drought tolerance, but its intrinsic antioxidant regulatory mechanism remains unclear.

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Synthesis and evaluation of 4-(α-arylvinyl)pyridines as activated linker groups for application in antibody-drug conjugates
Andrew J, Sharpe JM, Wallace M, Thirlway J, Kerigan Higgs PL, Stephenson GR, Storr TE, Richards CJ. · Organic & biomolecular chemistry (2026) ·

With the aim of increasing the cysteine-selective bioconjugation reactivity of 4-vinylpyridines, a series of 4-(α-arylvinyl)pyridines were synthesised by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of 4-(α-bromovinyl)pyridine.

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Responses of morphology, antioxidant systems, ascorbate-glutathione cycle, and photosynthesis in <i>Pistia stratiotes</i> to cadmium pollution in aquatic environments
Zhu Y, Huang R, Xin J, Jia Y, Zhao C, Bao X, Chen M, Tian R. · International journal of phytoremediation (2026) ·

Growth responses and tolerance of Pistia stratiotes to cadmium (Cd) pollution are not well characterized. We examined P. stratiotes responses to Cd exposure (0, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM) for 18 days in a hydroponic system.

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DDT biotransformation by a delta-class glutathione S-transferase underlies tolerance in honey bees
Song H, Tang X, Hu J, Zhang J, Song M, Li Y, Ma Y, Ma Z, Zhou Z, Xu J. · Pesticide biochemistry and physiology (2026) · animal

Bees are key global pollinators but face long-term exposure to pesticide residues. Although the western honey bee (Apis mellifera) shows tolerance to the persistent organic pollutant DDT, the underlying molecular basis remains unclear.

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Therapeutics for Moderate and Severe Dengue
· ClinicalTrials.gov (2026) · rct

The purpose of this multi-site, factorial randomised, platform trial is to evaluate host-directed therapeutic agents in patients hospitalised with moderate and severe dengue virus infection.

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Safety And Tolerability Of Gamma Glutamylcysteine (GGC) Oral Supplementation In MCI Patients
· ClinicalTrials.gov (2026) · rct

The goal of this study is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of Gamma Glutamylcysteine (GGC) supplement at different doses (400mg/day or 800mg/day or 1200mg/day) when administered orally to patients with MCI over 3 months.

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Randomized Trial of Glutathione With Anti-PD-1 and Chemotherapy in Advanced NSCLC
· ClinicalTrials.gov (2025) · rct

Chemotherapeutic agents exert significant immunomodulatory effects by influencing tumor-infiltrating immune cells. However, the sequence and combination of chemotherapy regimens differentially modulate immune cell dynamics, ultimately impacting treatment efficacy and patient survival.

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N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Enriched Chicken Meet and Cardiovascular Function
· ClinicalTrials.gov (2022) · rct

Evidence from multiple experimental, epidemiological, and clinical studies indicate that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) may exert their cardiovascular (CV) protective effect, at least in part, by improving vascular endothelium-dependent function.

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Ozone Therapy in Refractory Ischemic Heart Disease.
· ClinicalTrials.gov (2020) · rct

The main objective of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of adding ozone therapy to standard management of patients with advanced ischemic heart disease refractory to medical and surgical treatment.

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Effect of 8-week Intake of 2S-hesperidin on Performance, Body Composition and Biochemicals Markers in Amateur Cyclists
· ClinicalTrials.gov (2018) · rct

This clinical study evaluates the effect of 500 mg of 2S-hesperidin for 8 weeks on performance (power generated in different metabolic zones), body composition (fat and muscle mass) and biochemical (antioxidant, inflammatory status) and metabolic (capillary blood in finger) markers in amateur cyclists.

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A Pilot Study of Vitamin D in Boys With X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
· ClinicalTrials.gov (2016) · rct

In this pilot study, the investigators will assess the safety of two high-dose regimens of oral vitamin D supplementation and measure the effects of vitamin D supplementation on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the blood and brain of study participants before, during, and after taking vitamin D supplemen…

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Effect of Cashew Apple Juice on the Physiological and Psychological Fitness in the Middle Aged and Elderly Volunteers
· ClinicalTrials.gov (2010) · rct

Cashew or Anacardium occidentale L. is a plant in a family of Anacardiaceae. The fruit of cashew or cashew apple may be consumed fresh, but contains high quantities of tannins yielding a bitter taste and dry mouth feel. Therefore, it is more often prepared as beverage. It is rich in carbohydrate and vitamin C.

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